This graph is based on an updated model which includes data from 2007-08, 2008-09 and 2009-10 (these are linear projections of otherwise messy distributions… hence the fact that some of the lines cross at/around 0% poverty).
The bottom line is that while Federal Title I programs certainly provide much needed funds to many high poverty districts, in the big picture, they are a drop in the bucket. They are now, and have been for some time.
The states in this figure are among the least equitable in the nation. And Title I aid simply isn’t sufficient to fix that. Equitable and adequate financing of local public school districts remains the responsibility of the states, and these states have some work to do!
Bruce D. Baker is Professor in the Department of Teaching and Learning at the University of Miami and co-director and creator of the School Finance Indicators Database. Widely regarded as the nation's leading scholar on the financing of public elementary and secondary education, he has served as an expert witness in school funding litigation in more than a dozen states and has advised legislatures nationwide on funding formula design. His influence extends beyond the United States: he is collaborating with the World Bank on a global indicator system for evaluating educational adequacy. A 2024 Fellow of the American Educational Research Association, he is the author of three books from Harvard Education Press, most recently Segregation & School Funding (2026, with Matthew Di Carlo), and nearly 90 peer-reviewed journal and law review articles.
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