Each circle is one U.S. school district enrolling 2,000+ students. Position shows dollars per pupil above or below its modeled cost target (x) against student outcomes relative to the national average (y); size shows enrollment. Pick a state below to highlight its districts.
Funding gap = actual per-pupil state & local revenue minus the modeled adequate-cost target (Cost Model 1, national-average outcome standard). Outcome index is a composite achievement measure centered on the national average (0). Districts below the 2,000-student enrollment threshold are excluded in every year.